Recoding was not carried out. The categories none and not applicable are combined in code zero. Unfortunately this code contains 17 percent of the population. In addition the frequency distribution does not correspond at all to the 1983 nor the 1991 dataset. If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below may serve as suggestion. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode 0 none/not applicable 1 or 9 ? 1 primary 1 2 extended primary 1 3 secondary 2 4 university 3