Recoding was not carried out. The categories do not represent highest attained level, but years in education. In addition the frequency distribution does not correspond to the 1995 dataset. If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below may serve as suggestion. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode 0 no education / less than 9 years 1 3 10-11 years 2 4 12 years 2 ? 5 13-14 years 3 ? 6 15 years 3 7 16 years 3 8 post-graduate educ 3