Recoding was not carried out. The education variable was asked to 1 person per household only (mostly the head , less frequently the spouse). If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below may serve as suggestion. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode -1 not asked / not head 9 1 illiterate 1 2 without formal education 1 3 basic education 1 4 primary education 1 5 secondary education 1 6 technical secondary 2 7 pre-university level 2 8 university level 3 REMARK about recoding : There is an unlikely high percentage of low educated, this seems corresponding to reality though.