Recoding was not carried out. All the datasets of Canada have a problematic mix of levels. It is unclear whether the code 6 corresponding to post-secondary certificate belongs to medium or high (ISCED 4C/5B). According to the Canadian country expert it is more likely that most post-secondary diplomas should indeed be classified as high education. This results in an unlikely high percentage of high education. As 23% of the persons are concerned, the mix of education levels has a notable effect on the results. If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below may serve as suggestion. The problematic category is pointed out. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode 1 No schooling or grade 8 or lower, no other education 1 2 Grade 9-10, no other education 2 1 3 Grade 11-13,did not graduate from highschool, no oth educ 2 1 4 Grade 11-13,graduated from highschool, no oth educ 3A 2 5 Some post secondary, no degree, certificate or diploma 2 6 Post-secondary certificate or diploma (incl. trades cert.) 4C/5B 2 or 3 ? 7 University degree 5/6 3