Recoding was not carried out. All the datasets of Canada have a problematic mix of levels. It is unclear whether the code 7 corresponding to post-secondary certificate belongs to medium or high (ISCED 4C/5B). The frequecies would suggest it more likely to be high. In addition, the codes 2 up to 5 do not express highest attained level, but years in education. If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below was suggested by the Canadian country expert. The problematic categories are pointed out. Because of the combination of problems, LIS advices not to recode. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode 1 No schooling or grade 8 or lower, no other education 1 2 less than 10 years in education 1 3 11 years in education 1 ? 4 12 years in education 2 ? 5 13 years in education 2 ? 6 Some post secondary, no degree, certificate or diploma 2 7 Post-secondary certificate or diploma (incl. trades cert.) 4C/5B 2 or 3 ? 8 University degree 5/6 3