Recoding was not carried out. All the datasets of Canada have a problematic mix of levels in the code 9 corresponding to post-secondary diploma. According to the Canadian country expert it is more likely that most post-secondary diplomas should indeed be classified as high education. This results in an unlikely high percentage of high education. As 27% of the persons are concerned, the mix of education levels has a notable effect on the results. If LIS users want to pursue a recode they may do so on their own responsability. The mapping below may serve as suggestion. The problematic category is pointed out. PEDUC ISCED97 LIS recode 1 Never attended school 1 2 1-4 years of elementary school 1 1 3 5-8 years of elementary school 2 1 4 9-10 years of elementary and secondary school 2 1 5 11-13 years element. & second. school, but not graduated 2 1 6 Graduated high school 3A 2 7 Some non-university postsecondary (no certificate) 2 8 Some university (no certificate) 2 9 Non-university postsecondary certificate 4C/5B 2 or 3 ? 10 University certificate below Bachelor's 5A 3 11 Bachelor's degree 5A 3 12 University certificate above Bachelor's, Master's Degree 5/6 3 -1 Not in Sample, Don't Know, Refusal, Not Applicable 9